SUMMARY POINTS 要点概述
| 1. | Phages are abundant within the human body at sites of bacterial colonization and infection as well as in otherwise sterile tissues and cells. 噬菌体在人体内的细菌定植和感染部位以及无菌组织和细胞中大量存在。 | ||||
| 2. | By shaping the composition and function of the bacterial microbiome, bacteriophages indirectly affect the development and function of the immune system. 通过改变细菌微生物群的组成和功能，噬菌体间接影响了免疫系统的发育和功能。 | ||||
| 3. | Phages directly influence mammalian immunology via cellular uptake and recognition of phages. 噬菌体通过细胞摄取和识别噬菌体直接影响哺乳动物的免疫学。 | ||||
| 4. | Phages trigger responses by myeloid and adaptive immune cells. 噬菌体会引发髓系和适应性免疫细胞的反应。 | ||||
| 5. | Phage therapy and phage vaccines offer a window into immune/phage interactions, but these data are difficult to interpret due to the use of engineered and processed phages. 噬菌体疗法和噬菌体疫苗提供了一个了解免疫/噬菌体相互作用的窗口，但由于使用的是经过工程化处理的噬菌体，这些数据很难解读。 | ||||
| 6. | Phages stimulate many of the same pattern-recognition receptors as viral and bacterial pathogens do. 噬菌体能刺激许多与病毒和细菌病原体相同的模式识别受体。 | ||||
| 7. | Phages shape the interface between humans and our bacterial flora. 噬菌体塑造了人类与细菌菌群之间的界面。 | ||||
| 8. | Tri-kingdom interactions between phages, bacteria, and the human immune system may play important roles in human health and disease. 噬菌体、细菌和人类免疫系统之间的三界互动可能在人类健康和疾病中发挥重要作用。 | ||||
FUTURE ISSUES 未来问题
| 1. | Does the phageome shape mammalian development and homeostasis in ways previously attributed to the bacterial microbiome? 噬菌体组是否以以前归因于细菌微生物组的方式影响哺乳动物的发育和稳态？ | ||||
| 2. | Do phages influence the way our immune system sees bacteria and viruses? 噬菌体会影响我们的免疫系统看待细菌和病毒的方式吗？ | ||||
| 3. | Are there conserved mechanisms for identifying and responding to groups of phages, or are phages all distinct immunologic entities? 是否存在识别和应对噬菌体群的保守机制，还是说噬菌体都是不同的免疫实体？ | ||||
| 4. | Do individual phages make distinct antigenic contributions to human diseases? 单个噬菌体对人类疾病有不同的抗原性贡献吗？ | ||||
| 5. | What mechanisms prevent widespread immune activation by phages? 是什么机制阻止了噬菌体的广泛免疫激活？ | ||||
| 6. | Do mechanisms to maintain tolerance to phages ever fail in ways that contribute to human disease? 维持对噬菌体耐受性的机制是否会以导致人类疾病的方式失效？ | ||||
| 7. | Do phages promote their own survival by repressing immune responses that are detrimental to their bacterial hosts? 噬菌体是否会通过抑制对细菌宿主不利的免疫反应来促进自身的生存？ | ||||
| 8. | How do phages present in different compartments (e.g., systemic circulation versus the intestinal lumen) influence mammalian immunity? 噬菌体存在于不同区域（如全身循环与肠腔）对哺乳动物的免疫力有何影响？ | ||||