4.2.2. Water transport and treatment systems.
4.2.2.水运输和处理系统。
Water systems are among the industrial devices most affected by biofilms. Pipes and water-cooling systems are usually colonized by biofilms that can induce corrosion and equipment damage. Most importantly, the biofilms formed in these systems are often a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria (V. cholerae, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella spp.) (137–139). Phages are very specific and therefore cannot match the broad-spectrum capabilities of antimicrobial chemicals used in water disinfection, but they can be used to specifically target dangerous or problematic bacteria present in water transport and treatment systems. For example, Naser et al. (140) tested the effect of three vibriophages against V. cholerae biofilms and concluded that one of the phages could degrade the biofilm matrix of V. cholerae and increase the concentration of planktonic V. cholerae in water, whereas the other two phages could effectively kill planktonic V. cholerae cells, suggesting that a possible combination of diverse phages can be effective in controlling waterborne pathogens. Other possible applications of phages in water treatment processes were discussed by Mathieu et al. (141).
水系统是受生物膜影响最大的工业设备之一。管道和水冷系统通常会被生物膜定殖，从而导致腐蚀和设备损坏。最重要的是，在这些系统中形成的生物膜往往是病原菌（霍乱弧菌、幽门螺旋杆菌、军团菌属）的储藏库 ( 137- 139)。噬菌体具有很强的特异性，因此无法与水消毒中使用的广谱抗微生物化学物质相媲美，但它们可以专门针对水运输和处理系统中存在的危险或问题细菌。例如，Naser 等人（140）测试了三种噬菌体对霍乱弧菌生物膜的作用，得出的结论是，其中一种噬菌体可以降解霍乱弧菌的生物膜基质，增加水中浮游霍乱弧菌的浓度，而另外两种噬菌体则可以有效杀死浮游霍乱弧菌细胞，这表明多种噬菌体的组合可以有效控制水传播的病原体。Mathieu 等人（141）讨论了噬菌体在水处理过程中的其他可能应用。
Another industrial application of phages is in water treatment plants as a means to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), as proposed by Yu et al. (142). In this study, the authors used a cocktail of polyvalent E. coli phages to suppress the proliferation of ARB in activated sludge microcosms, and they observed that the phages were able to reach high densities and significantly decrease ARB.
噬菌体的另一个工业应用是在水处理厂中作为一种控制抗生素耐药菌（ARB）的手段，Yu 等人（142）提出了这一建议。在这项研究中，作者使用多价大肠杆菌噬菌体鸡尾酒来抑制活性污泥微生态系统中 ARB 的增殖，他们观察到噬菌体能够达到很高的密度，并显著减少 ARB。
The impact of the extensive application of phages in the environment is still controversial due to the question of if this could lead to widespread phage-resistant bacteria, compromising the future of phage therapy. There is no definitive answer; however, as phages are naturally coevolving with bacteria, it seems improbable that the arms race between phages and their bacterial hosts will come to an end.
噬菌体在环境中的广泛应用所产生的影响仍存在争议，因为这是否会导致细菌普遍对噬菌体产生抗药性，从而影响噬菌体疗法的未来。目前还没有明确的答案；不过，由于噬菌体是与细菌自然共同进化的，噬菌体与其细菌宿主之间的军备竞赛似乎不可能结束。
5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
5.总结与展望
Phage efficacy in controlling biofilms formed either in industrial settings or on human and animal surfaces is limited by the intrinsic biological properties of phages and the protective shield of the biofilm. Phages are unquestionably powerful weapons to combat undesirable biofilms, but they have limitations. It is important to understand the factors that hamper phage efficacy in order to design effective phage-based biocontrol strategies. The many strategies that have been suggested are already discussed in other reviews and mostly rely on combining phages with chemical, enzymatic, or physical treatments or rely on the use of genetically engineered phages. Regardless of the strategy used to coadjuvate phages, it is important to remember that biofilms are dynamic structures that vary in composition and structure in response to environmental conditions and that phages respond differently to different biofilms. Therefore, the complexity and diversity of phage-biofilm interactions limit broad conclusions and call for more research in this area. Particularly, there is a need to establish standardized methods for assessing phage-biofilm interactions in different contexts of application, which will allow for rigorous testing of phages for either therapeutic purposes or biocontrol against biofilms.
噬菌体在控制工业环境或人类和动物表面形成的生物膜方面的功效受到噬菌体内在生物特性和生物膜保护罩的限制。噬菌体无疑是对付不良生物膜的有力武器，但它们也有局限性。了解阻碍噬菌体功效的因素对于设计有效的噬菌体生物控制策略非常重要。其他综述中已经讨论了许多已提出的策略，它们大多依赖于将噬菌体与化学、酶或物理处理相结合，或依赖于使用基因工程噬菌体。无论采用哪种噬菌体协同作用策略，重要的是要记住，生物膜是一种动态结构，其组成和结构会随着环境条件的变化而变化，噬菌体对不同的生物膜会有不同的反应。因此，噬菌体与生物膜相互作用的复杂性和多样性限制了广泛的结论，需要在这一领域开展更多的研究。特别是需要建立标准化方法，以评估噬菌体与生物膜在不同应用环境下的相互作用，从而对噬菌体用于治疗目的或生物控制生物膜进行严格测试。