4. APPLICATIONS OF PHAGES FOR BIOFILM CONTROL
4.噬菌体在生物膜控制中的应用
Phages can access and kill sessile bacteria causing biofilm destruction through mechanisms that were already discussed. This feature has boosted the development of several phage-based strategies to control biofilms in a variety of anthropogenic contexts where biofilms are harmful. The use of phages to combat biofilm-associated infections is usually referred to as phage therapy, while the application of phages to control environmentally detrimental biofilms is considered phage biocontrol.
噬菌体可以通过前面讨论过的机制进入并杀死无柄细菌，从而破坏生物膜。这一特点推动了多种基于噬菌体的策略的发展，以便在生物膜有害的各种人为环境中控制生物膜。使用噬菌体防治与生物膜相关的感染通常被称为噬菌体疗法，而应用噬菌体控制对环境有害的生物膜则被视为噬菌体生物控制。
In this section we present the latest developments related to the application of phages as therapeutics and biocontrol agents, and we discuss the challenges and pathways for future developments (Figure 3).
在本节中，我们将介绍与应用噬菌体作为治疗剂和生物控制剂有关的最新进展，并讨论未来发展所面临的挑战和途径（图 3）。
4.1. Phages to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilms
4.1.控制临床相关生物膜的噬菌体
Biofilms are associated with a variety of chronic and difficult-to-treat infections. They can be formed on human tissues, causing tissue-related infections (e.g., endocarditis, lung infections, periodontitis, rhinosinusitis, osteomyelitis, chronic wounds, meningitis, and kidney infections), and on indwelling materials, triggering device-related infections (108). The serious implications of biofilms on human health and the renewed interest in phage therapy have motivated the investigation of phage-biofilm interactions toward the development of phage therapy against infectious biofilms. Phages have also been proposed as antimicrobial coatings or sanitizing agents to prevent and control device-associated infections.
生物膜与多种难以治疗的慢性感染有关。生物膜可在人体组织上形成，引起与组织相关的感染（如心内膜炎、肺部感染、牙周炎、鼻炎、骨髓炎、慢性伤口、脑膜炎和肾脏感染），也可在留置材料上形成，引发与设备相关的感染 ( 108)。生物膜对人类健康的严重影响以及人们对噬菌体疗法的重新关注，促使人们研究噬菌体与生物膜之间的相互作用，以开发针对传染性生物膜的噬菌体疗法。噬菌体还被提议用作抗菌涂层或消毒剂，以预防和控制与设备有关的感染。
4.1.1. Phage therapy against infectious biofilms.
4.1.1.针对传染性生物膜的噬菌体疗法。
While many studies have addressed phage therapy against infectious biofilms in vitro and in vivo, the number of case reports and clinical trials is still scarce. Despite the already-mentioned limitations of using in vitro studies, they have been important to describe the dynamic of phage-biofilm interaction and to identify the features that can contribute to impair the efficacy of phages against biofilms.
虽然许多研究都涉及噬菌体在体外和体内对传染性生物膜的治疗，但病例报告和临床试验的数量仍然很少。尽管体外研究存在上述局限性，但它们对于描述噬菌体与生物膜相互作用的动态以及确定可能导致噬菌体对生物膜疗效受损的特征非常重要。